+---------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Computer vs. World Champion, 1979 | | Luigi Villa (ITA) vs. BKG 9.8 | | | | GNUBG-Analysis, 2-ply (Snowie error rate): | | Villa : -6.9 | | BKG 9.8 : -13.8 | | | | Remarks: | | 1. BKG 9.8 was developed by Hans Berliner, a professor for | | artificial intelligence (and, btw, 5th correspondence chesss | | world champion). | | 2. The match was played only shortly after Villa won | | his title as world champion. He maybe was not that concen- | | trated. | | 3. Berliner said later in an interview: "Villa, who only a day | | earlier had reached the summit of his backgammon career in | | winning the world title, was disconsolate. I told him that I | | was sorry it had happened and that we both knew he was really | | the better player. Several weeks later I analyzed the games | | in some detail [...]. There was no doubt that BKG 9.8 played | | well, but down the line Villa played better. He made the | | technically correct plays almost all the time, whereas the | | program did not make the best play in eight out of 73 | | non-forced situations. Only one of the mistakes, however gave | | the program any trouble. An expert would not have made most | | of the errors, but the could be exploited only a small | | percent of the time." | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ 7 point match Game 1 Villa : 0 BKG 9.8 : 0 1) 61: 13/7 8/7 44: 24/20 24/20 13/9 13/9 2) 42: 13/9 6/4 44: 20/16* 20/16 6/2 6/2 3) 61: 25/24 24/18 Doubles => 2 4) Takes 42: 8/4 6/4 5) 43: 8/4 8/5 52: 16/11 9/7* 6) 41: 25/24 13/9* 54: 25/20* 20/16* 7) 53: 25/20 25/22 21: 7/5* 5/4 8) 33: 25/22 7/4 6/3 6/3 51: 16/11 9/8 9) 32: 13/10 24/22 22: 13/11 11/9 11/9 11/9 10) 62: 22/20 20/14 62: 8/2 13/11* 11) 51: 25/20 13/12* 66: 12) 33: 12/9 10/7 9/6 6/3 11: 25/24 24/23 6/5* 6/5 13) 55: 31: 23/20 11/10 14) 43: 25/22 22/18 66: 20/14 14/8 10/4 8/2 15) 53: 18/13 13/10 64: 8/2 8/4 16) 51: 10/5 7/6 32: 9/6 6/4 17) 42: 6/2 7/5 62: 4/2 18) 54: 24/19 19/15 31: 4/1* 2/1 19) 55: 66: 20) 53: 25/22 15/10 42: 9/5 9/7 21) 65: 22/16 16/11 62: 7/5 5/0 22) 11: 10/9 9/8 8/7 7/6 21: 2/0 1/0 23) 61: 11/5 3/2 64: 5/0 4/0 24) 21: 4/2 2/1 65: 5/0 5/0 25) 55: 22/17 17/12 12/7 7/2 62: 4/0 2/0 26) 43: 22/18 18/15 32: 4/1 2/0 27) 22: 15/13 13/11 11/9 9/7 21: 2/0 1/0 Wins 2 points Game 2 Villa : 0 BKG 9.8 : 2 1) 63: 24/18 18/15 63: 24/18 13/10* 2) 52: 25/20 20/18 11: 8/7* 8/7 6/5 6/5 3) 54: 25/21 6/1* Doubles => 2 4) Drops Wins 1 point Game 3 Villa : 0 BKG 9.8 : 3 1) 52: 13/8 13/11 41: 13/9 6/5 2) 63: 11/5 8/5 44: 13/9 9/5 8/4 8/4 3) 54: 13/8 8/4 64: 8/2 6/2 4) 21: 6/4 6/5 54: 13/8 13/9 5) 41: 8/4 13/12* 63: 25/22 8/2 6) Doubles => 2 Takes 7) 51: 8/3* 4/3 66: 8) 63: 8/2 5/2 66: 9) 64: 24/18 18/14 66: 10) 61: 24/18 18/17 66: 11) 41: 17/13 12/11 66: 12) 22: 14/12 13/11 13/11 11/9 66: 13) 21: 11/9 9/8 66: 14) 32: 8/5 12/10 66: 15) 52: 10/5 6/4 66: 16) 53: 11/6 9/6 66: 17) 66: 6/0 6/0 6/0 6/0 62: 25/19 19/17 18) 52: 5/0 5/3 61: 17/11 11/10 19) 64: 5/0 4/0 31: 10/7 7/6 20) 61: 5/0 3/2 62: 24/18 18/16 21) 43: 4/0 4/1* 41: 25/24* 16/12 22) 41: 25/24 63: 9/3 6/3 23) 53: 31: 12/9 2/1* 24) 66: 55: 24/19 19/14 14/9 6/1 25) 66: 21: 9/7 9/8 26) 66: 44: 9/5 8/4 7/3 4/0 27) 66: 53: 5/0 3/0 28) 66: 66: 6/0 6/0 5/0 5/0 29) 62: 25/19 19/17 41: 4/0 1/0 30) 21: 17/15 15/14 Doubles => 4 31) Drops Wins 2 points Game 4 Villa : 0 BKG 9.8 : 5 1) 54: 13/8 13/9 42: 8/4 6/4 2) 52: 9/4 6/4 42: 13/9 13/11 3) 44: 24/20 24/20 20/16* 20/16 21: 25/23 6/5 4) Doubles => 2 Drops Wins 1 point Game 5 Villa : 1 BKG 9.8 : 5 1) 21: 13/11 6/5 2) 21: 13/11 24/23 61: 11/5 6/5 3) 64: 13/7 11/7 21: 6/4 5/4 4) 61: 13/7 23/22 32: 8/5 5/3* 5) 31: 25/22* 24/23 42: 25/23 13/9 6) 62: 22/16* 16/14 53: 25/20 23/20 7) 51: 23/18 14/13 63: 13/7* 13/10 8) 43: 25/22 22/18* 55: 25/20 20/15 8/3 8/3 9) 63: 18/12* 13/10* 32: 25/22 25/23 10) 41: 13/9 10/9 32: 23/20 24/22 11) 42: 8/4 6/4 61: 20/14 14/13* 12) 62: 25/23 13/7 51: 13/8 3/2* 13) Doubles => 2 Takes 14) 32: 25/22* 6/4 42: 25/23 10/6 15) 21: 4/2* 2/1* 53: 25/20 25/22 16) 42: 22/18 18/16 55: 20/15 15/10 10/5 8/3 17) 31: 7/4 16/15 43: 6/2 5/2 18) 41: 15/11 11/10 42: 5/1 5/3 19) 21: 4/2 2/1 22: 22/20 22/20 22/20 3/1 20) 41: 10/6 7/6 55: 20/15 20/15 15/10 15/10 21) 53: 9/4 9/6 33: 10/7 10/7 7/4 7/4 22) 51: 8/3 8/7 32: 20/17 17/15 23) 53: 7/2 6/3 53: 20/15 20/17 24) 33: 7/4 7/4 3/0 3/0 66: 17/11 15/9 15/9 11/5 25) 51: 6/1 1/0 64: 9/3 9/5 26) 51: 6/1 1/0 64: 6/0 4/0 27) 51: 6/1 1/0 42: 4/0 2/0 28) 62: 6/0 2/0 41: 4/0 1/0 29) 54: 6/2 4/0 41: 4/0 1/0 30) 11: 2/1 1/0 1/0 1/0 62: 6/0 2/0 31) 61: 4/0 4/3 21: 2/0 5/4 32) 31: 4/1 1/0 55: 5/0 4/0 3/0 3/0 Wins 2 points and the match